April 01, 2016

Campus Archaeology

Beloit College has a long history with public archaeology, 很大程度上是因为它是美国仅有的几所校园里有印第安人墓地的大学之一.

Students use modern technology to learn more about the mounds.
Scattered across the campus lawns, 这些古老的特征是生活在贝洛伊特的集体记忆中不可磨灭的一部分. They also have a great deal more to teach us.

Though a few of the mounds were lost to college construction, 大多数幸存下来是因为伯洛伊特很早就采取了考古保护措施. In 1852, Stephen Lathrop, the college’s first science professor, mapped the mounds for the first time. 1857年,拉尔夫·爱默生牧师捐赠了100美元用于修复一个被挖掘的遗址. 这些土丘在20世纪中期被用作互动教室, and in 1960, 放射性碳年代测定法显示,这些文物可以追溯到公元前500年.D. In the mid-1980s, 威斯康星州颁布了一项州法律,保护美洲原住民土丘作为人类墓地, placing restrictions on where and how they could be examined. Yet interest in exploring the campus mounds remained strong.

快进到贝洛伊特的人类学副教授Shannon Fie, 是谁对公共考古的兴趣激发了她重新开始对土丘周围的探索. Throughout the early 2000s, 她发起并经常参与校园周围的一系列非土丘挖掘活动,挖掘出了从古代历史一直到第二次世界大战时期的宝藏.

到2010年代,研究开始认真进行,特别是在土丘之间的地区. In 2011, 菲的考古学原理课调查了世界事务中心(以前是大学图书馆)前面的一块地方,那里正在提议一个新的标志.

“我们发现了很多建筑碎片,大部分是砖,”菲回忆说. 2013年,菲的班级确实在尼斯剧院后面、海龟雕像丘以南的区域进行了工作. In 2014, 学院请来了一位外部专家来测试和监控赖特博物馆旁边的艺术步道装置. That dig revealed many archaic stone-making tools. That same year, 菲和洛根博物馆馆长比尔·格林提议将“文化资源”添加到学院刚刚起步的可持续发展计划中, including a long-term agenda for mound preservation. 当可持续发展协调员林赛·查普曼(Lindsay Chapman)发出征集更多提案的呼吁时, 菲的想法是使用最先进的设备对校园土丘进行非侵入性调查. She successfully proposed bringing to campus Jarrod Burks, 俄亥俄谷考古中心考古地球物理学主任, Inc.

她说,主要目的是“让学生们对考古学感到兴奋”,因为他们在寻找早期美洲原住民营地的证据. Fie specializes in Hopewell archaeology, a branch that focuses on sites in the Midwest from circa 100 B.C. to 400 A.D. 以巨大的土方结构和长距离流通的各种材料为特征的, 霍普韦尔考古学研究中西部地区印第安人群体之间的相互作用. Though many of the most notable sites are located in Ohio, findings have been recorded all over the Midwest.

尽管地球物理领域至少从20世纪70年代就存在了, 近年来的技术飞跃使它更加可行. Geophysics is a hybrid of earth sciences that uses seismic, magnetic, electric, 以及基于引力的方法来研究地球的物理布局. 它可以用于从矿物挖掘到环境危害研究的所有领域,并且在考古学中很受欢迎,因为它可以在没有挖掘的情况下提供古代遗址的精确图像. For the Beloit survey, three methods were used: magnetic susceptibility, electrical resistance, and ground penetrating radar, none of which disturbed the mounds.

Over an intensive week last October, Burks, Fie and her students, 几名志愿者调查了校园的两个区域:中间学院周围的一个大街区,里面有大部分的土丘, 第二个街区位于赖特艺术博物馆和尼斯剧院后面,校园里著名的乌龟雕像就坐落在那里. These areas were gridded into 20-by-20 meter squares, 每个人都通过系统地在土丘上传递设备进行单独调查. Afterwards, 伯克斯使用不同的软件程序将每个网格拼接在一起,以评估数据, then utilized a third program to blend all the layers together, along with aerial shots and his own interpretations.

几乎每一个调查区块都在最终的地图上揭示了复杂的特征. Fie consulted with College Archivist Fred Burwell’86, 谁提供了几张早期的校园照片,证明这些照片对数据的理解是无价的. For example, 中间学院前面的异常可能代表了伯洛伊特校园里最早的一些道路. 尼斯剧院后面的雷达数据中的另一个异常是一个天文台的遗迹,从19世纪70年代到60年代,这个天文台是校园里的固定设施.

这项调查还提供了一种相当简单的方法来确定哪些土丘以前被挖掘过. All of the mounds were built around 500 A.D., so they should have similar construction. However, 最近挖掘出来的土丘应该混合了对比松散的土壤.

The data sets are still being processed, and Fie has many plans for utilizing them in the future, including developing a geographic information system, contextualizing historic pictures and utility plans, 并利用这些信息协助设施工作人员申请在土墩附近工作的许可证. 她还希望这项调查能帮助她回答自己研究中的问题. “我真正感兴趣的是试图找到在土丘建造期间有人居住的活动区域,” she says. “If people built mounds, they had to stay somewhere.”

他还认为,这项研究将促进学生之间进一步的讨论. “希望能提高人们对大学社区如何与土墩打交道的认识和敏感度,” she says. “我们的学生对与文化多样性有关的问题持开放态度, 这些土丘提供了一个将这些对话扩展到美洲原住民的机会.”


Also In This Issue

  • Students in front of Middle College

    Record Interest in Beloit—Again

    more
  • The Gil Carter Correspondence

    more
  • Lana Wieseman’16 preparing to take a free throw.

    All-Time Leading Scorer

    more

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